A Review of Street Drugs, Part 2

Upon conclusion of this course, students will be able to:

• Understand the scope of alcohol and cocaine use and their effects on ED visits; 
• Comprehend the various routes of administration and effects of alcohol ingestion;
• Demonstrate knowledge of cocaine use and overdose interventions;
• Understand recent ‘designer drugs’ and chemically modified narcotics. 

References

1. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Commonly abused drugs charts, www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/commonly-abused-drugs-charts.
2. PubChem. Desomorphine, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Desomorphine#section=NLM-Curated-PubMed-Citations.
3. Stanford School of Medicine. Palliative Care, Equivalency Table, https://palliative.stanford.edu/opioid-conversion/equivalency-table/.
4. Compound Interest. A Brief Guide to Common Painkillers, www.compoundchem.com/2014/09/25/painkillers/.
5. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Fentanyl, www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/fentanyl.
6. Chua SM, Lee TS. Abuse of prescription buprenorphine, regulatory controls and the role of the primary physician. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 2006; 35(7): 492–5.
7. U.S. Drug Test Centers. Suboxone-Buprenorphine Drug Testing, www.usdrugtestcenters.com/suboxone-drug-testing.html.
8. UpToDate. Acute Opioid Intoxication in Adults, www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-opioid-intoxication-in-adults.
9. Owen DR, Wood DM, Archer JR, Dargan PI. Phenibut (4-amino-3-phenyl-butyric acid): Availability, prevalence of use, desired effects and acute toxicity. Drug Alcohol Rev, 2016; 35(5): 591–6.
10. Joshi YB, Friend SF, Jimenez B, Steiger LR. Dissociative Intoxication and Prolonged Withdrawal Associated With Phenibut: A Case Report. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2017; 37(4): 478–80.
11. O’Connell CW, Schneir AB, Hwang JQ, Cantrell FL. Clinical communication to the editor: phenibut, the appearance of another potentially dangerous product in the United States. Amer J Med, 2014; 127(8): e3–4.
12. Samokhvalov AV, Paton-Gay CL, Balchand K, et al. Phenibut dependence. Case Reports, 2013; bcr2012008381.
13. Högberg L, Szabó I, Ruusa J. Psychotic symptoms during phenibut (beta-phenylgamma aminobutyric acid) withdrawal. J Substance Use, 2013; 18(4): 335–8.
14. Downes MA, Berling IL, Mostafa A, et al. Acute behavioural disturbance associated with phenibut purchased via an internet supplier. Clinical Toxicology, 2015; 53(7): 636–8.
15. Villeneuve M. Chronic pain patients say opioid law creates new crisis. US News, 2017 Apr 22; www.usnews.com/news/best-states/maine/articles/2017-04-22/chronic-pain-patients-say-opioid-law-creates-new-crisis.
16. National Drug Screening, Inc. 10 Panel Drug Test, www.nationaldrugscreening.com/10-panel-drug-test.php.
17. Mayo Clinic. Drug testing: An overview of Mayo Clinic tests designed for detecting drug abuse. www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-info/drug-book/pod/DrugBook.pdf.
18. Hernandez-Lopez C, Farre M, Roset PN, et al. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) and alcohol interactions in humans: Psychomotor performance, subjective effects, and pharmacokinetics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2002; 300(1): 236–44.
19. Alcohol-related drug interactions. Pharmacist’s Letter/Prescriber’s Letter, 2008; 24(1): 240106.
20. Melton ST. Stirring the pot: Potential drug interactions with marijuana. Medscape, www.medscape.com/viewarticle/881059#vp_3.
21. Sands BF, Ciraulo DA. Cocaine drug-drug interactions. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 1982; 12(1): 49–55.
22. UpToDate. Ethanol Intoxication in Adults, www.uptodate.com/contents/ethanol-intoxication-in-adults
23. Jansson-Nettelbladt E, Meurling S, Petrini B, Sjölin J. Endogenous ethanol fermentation in a child with short bowel syndrome. Acta Paediatr, 2006; 95(4): 502–4.
24. Dahshan A, Donovan K. Auto-brewery syndrome in a child with short gut syndrome: case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2001; 33(2): 214–5.
25. Welch BT, Coelho Prabhu N, Walkoff L, Trenkner SW. Auto-brewery Syndrome in the Setting of Long-standing Crohn’s Disease: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Crohns Colitis, 2016; 10(12): 1,448–50.